North Dakota · Remodeling licensing · official-source guide
North Dakota licenses remodelers through the Secretary of State as contractors under Century Code chapter 43-07. There is no separate home improvement registration. A license is required once the cost, value or price per job exceeds $4,000, in one of four classes set by single project value. There is no state exam, but liability insurance and Workforce Safety and Insurance proof are required.
Verified against agency sources on 2026-10-05. Rules and fees change; confirm with the named authority before relying on this guide.
North Dakota licenses contractors at the state level, and the registrar is the Secretary of State. There is no separate home improvement contractor board and no separate remodeling license. One contractor license covers construction, repair, alteration, dismantling and demolition work, and the statute that creates it is North Dakota Century Code chapter 43-07. The trigger is the size of the job, not the kind of work. A person may not engage in the business or act in the capacity of a contractor in North Dakota when the cost, value or price per job exceeds $4,000 without first holding a license under chapter 43-07. The Secretary of State applies that same threshold to subcontractors, general contractors, public contractors and nonresident contractors. For a remodeler this is a low bar. A single bathroom gut, a kitchen refit, a basement finish, a window and siding package, a deck and door replacement bundled into one contract: any of those priced above $4,000 puts you inside the licensing requirement. Only the jobs you price at $4,000 or under sit outside it. The statute defines contractor broadly enough to catch work you might not think of as construction. It names every type of structure, project, development or improvement coming within the definition of real or personal property, and it includes alteration or repair of property held for sale or rental. A remodeler who flips houses or turns units for a landlord is covered the same as one working for an owner occupant. Cities do not issue the license. They issue building permits and they ask for your state license number when you pull one, which is covered later on this page.
North Dakota issues four classes of contractor license, designated A, B, C and D. The class does not describe your trade. It caps the value of any single contract project you are allowed to take. A class A license carries no limitation on the value of a single contract project. A class B license holder may not engage in the construction of any single contract project valued above $500,000. Class C caps a single project at $300,000. Class D caps a single project at $100,000. Those limits sit in section 43-07-07, and the Secretary of State publishes the same ladder on its contractor page. The practical reading for a residential remodeler is that the class is a business decision about your biggest job, not your average one. A company doing bathrooms and basements in the $15,000 to $60,000 range fits comfortably inside class D. One company whole-house renovation at $140,000 breaks a class D license, because the cap applies per contract project rather than per year of revenue. Pick the class by the largest single contract you expect to sign, then add headroom. The cost of guessing low is real: a contract above your class limit is work you were not licensed to take, and the registrar treats class limits as part of the license rather than guidance. You are not locked in. The statute allows a contractor applying for renewal under a class different from the one previously issued to receive the new class license on payment of the fee required for issuing a license of the class applied for. Moving up is a renewal-time change, not a fresh qualification process.
Sourcessos.nd.gov 1ndlegis.gov 2
The licensing requirement reaches further than most remodelers expect. Chapter 43-07 defines contractor to include subcontractor, public contractor and nonresident contractor. If your drywall sub, your tile setter or your framing crew takes a piece of your project priced above $4,000, that sub needs a license of their own. You cannot cover a sub with your license. The exceptions in section 43-07-08 are short. The chapter does not apply to an authorized representative of the United States government, the state of North Dakota, or any county, municipality, irrigation district, reclamation district or other political corporation. It also does not apply to a person who furnishes a fabricated or finished product, material or article of merchandise that is not incorporated into or attached to real property by that person so as to become affixed to it. That second exception is the one remodelers test. A supplier who drops off cabinets is outside the chapter. The same company becomes a contractor the moment its own people hang those cabinets as part of a job priced above the threshold. There is a second consequence of working unlicensed that has nothing to do with fines. Section 43-07-02 bars an unlicensed person from maintaining any claim, action, suit or proceeding in any court of this state related to that person's business or capacity as a contractor. An unlicensed remodeler who finishes a job and does not get paid has no court to go to over it. Applicants must be eighteen years of age or older. The Secretary of State also expects your business registration or trade name filing to be settled before the license application, with the license name matching the registration.
Sourcesndlegis.gov 1sos.nd.gov 2
North Dakota does not make contractors pass a trade or business exam for the state license. Chapter 43-07 sets no exam, no classroom hours and no minimum years in the trade. What it asks for instead is an application under oath on forms the registrar prescribes, containing a statement of the applicant's experience and qualifications as a contractor. The Secretary of State repeats this on its own page: the application requires you to sign a statement of your experience and qualifications. Three documents go with the application. A copy of a certificate of liability insurance. A statement from North Dakota Workforce Safety and Insurance that you have secured coverage satisfactory to WSI. And the specification of which class of license you are seeking. The registrar may ask for more. Section 43-07-04 lets the registrar require any other information that helps determine eligibility, including criminal history record information on the applicant or on the officers, members or partners of the applicant, held by the bureau of criminal investigation or a similar entity in another state, at the applicant's expense. Under section 43-07-04.1 the registrar may deny an application where it contains false or misleading information, where the applicant has been convicted of an offense bearing directly on the ability to serve the public as a contractor, or where the applicant has engaged in dishonest or fraudulent contracting conduct the registrar finds injurious to the public. A conviction alone does not disqualify unless the person is not sufficiently rehabilitated under section 12.1-33-02.1. Applications go through the FirstStop portal run by the Secretary of State. Section 43-07-09 gives the registrar fifteen days from the application date to investigate eligibility, and no license issues until the registrar has every required document and the fee.
Sourcesndlegis.gov 1sos.nd.gov 2
The fees are set in statute and the Secretary of State publishes the same numbers. They are tied to the class, which is tied to your per-project cap. New license fees: class A is $450, class B is $300, class C is $225, class D is $100. Renewal fees are much lower: class A is $90, class B is $60, class C is $45, class D is $30. Section 43-07-07 carries all eight figures, and the contractor page on the Secretary of State site lists them in the same order. A remodeler in class D therefore pays $100 to get licensed and $30 a year to stay licensed. A remodeler who wants no cap on single project value pays $450 and then $90 a year. The gap between the two is small enough that the class decision should be driven by the jobs you want to bid rather than by the fee. Two other fees appear in the chapter. A name change requires notifying the registrar within ten days on a form the registrar provides, accompanied by a $10 fee, and the statute bars a name change tied to a change in legal status other than marital status. A late renewal carries a $50 penalty fee on top of the renewal fee, described in the next section. There is one fee waiver. Section 43-07-07 provides that a nonprofit entity constructing or rehabilitating a single-family dwelling that will be given to or sold below appraised value to a low-income person may not be charged a fee by the Secretary of State for a license or renewal. Remodelers who do work through such an entity should know the waiver exists.
Sourcessos.nd.gov 1ndlegis.gov 2
North Dakota does not set a dollar minimum for contractor liability insurance in chapter 43-07. What it requires is proof that you carry it. A copy of a certificate of liability insurance must be filed with the application, and the Secretary of State adds two mechanics: the insurance must be in the same name you are requesting for the contractor license, and the certificate must list the North Dakota Secretary of State, 600 E Boulevard Ave, Dept 108, Bismarck, ND 58505 as the certificate holder. Workforce Safety and Insurance coverage is the second piece. Section 43-07-04 requires a statement from North Dakota Workforce Safety and Insurance that the contractor has secured coverage satisfactory to WSI. The Secretary of State splits this by situation. If you have employees residing in North Dakota, you supply a current certificate of payment from WSI. If you have no employees residing in the state and do not meet the tests of significant contact, you supply a letter of good standing from WSI instead. Both obligations are continuing, not one-time. Under section 43-07-04 the registrar must classify a license as not in good standing if the contractor fails to maintain the liability insurance coverage required by that section or by the renewal section. Letting a policy lapse is a license problem, not only an insurance problem. There is no state contractor bond. Section 43-07-11, the contractor's bond requirement, was repealed in 1995 and nothing replaced it in the chapter. Public work is different in kind: bids on public contract projects go in a bid bond envelope under section 43-07-12, and bonding there is set by the awarding body, not by the licensing chapter.
Sourcesndlegis.gov 1sos.nd.gov 2
North Dakota runs licenses on a contractor year the statute defines as March second through March first. Every contractor renews on the same calendar, so your renewal date has nothing to do with when you were first licensed. An initial license runs to the end of the then current contractor year, except that one first issued in January or February runs until March first of the following year. The renewal application is due before March second and it is more than a fee payment. Section 43-07-10 requires a listing of each project, contract or subcontract you completed in North Dakota during the preceding calendar year over $50,000, with the nature of the work of each. The registrar forwards that list to the state tax commissioner. You also file a current certificate of liability insurance naming the registrar as certificate holder, plus a certification that all payroll taxes including North Dakota income tax, Workforce Safety and Insurance premiums and unemployment insurance premiums due at renewal have been submitted. Chapter 43-07 sets no continuing education requirement. Miss March first and the license is not in good standing, and you are deemed unlicensed within the meaning of section 43-07-02. Within sixty days after March first the registrar must notify you by mail. You then have until June first to renew by paying a $50 penalty fee, filing the application and paying the renewal fee. After June first the license is expired. A compliance lapse during the year does the same damage. Section 43-07-04 directs the registrar, no sooner than twenty days after written notice, to classify your license as not in good standing if you fail to maintain required liability insurance or fail to keep a trade name, fictitious name certificate, corporation, limited liability company, limited liability partnership or limited partnership filing current. A contractor so notified must cease soliciting or entering new contract projects. Fail to cure within thirty days, or keep selling anyway, and the registrar moves to revoke under chapter 28-32. A revoked licensee may not be relicensed for up to five years.
Sourcesndlegis.gov 1sos.nd.gov 2
North Dakota does not waive its license for contractors licensed elsewhere. Chapter 43-07 contains no reciprocity provision. A remodeler based in Minnesota, South Dakota or Montana who takes a North Dakota job above $4,000 applies for a North Dakota contractor license on the same terms as a resident. The chapter does define nonresident contractor, and the definition is worth reading before you assume it does not describe you. A nonresident contractor is any contractor who does not have an established and maintained place of business within the state, or who has not reported employees in the state to North Dakota Workforce Safety and Insurance in the previous year and made contributions accordingly, or who during a like period has not filed an income tax return in the state. Section 43-07-19 adds a consent-to-service step. Every applicant who is not a North Dakota resident, by signing and filing the application, appoints the registrar as the applicant's agent to accept service of process in any action arising out of the sale for which the license is sought. Registered foreign corporations, foreign limited liability companies, foreign limited liability partnerships and foreign limited partnerships that already have a current registered agent and address on file with the registrar do not need to make that appointment. Public work has a tax gate on top. Under section 43-07-11.1 a contractor, resident or nonresident, is not eligible to enter a public contract with a state department or a political subdivision until a satisfactory showing is made that all delinquent income, sales or use taxes owed to the state have been paid, and a certificate from the tax commissioner satisfies that requirement. The Attorney General warns homeowners specifically about out-of-state storm chasers who set up a temporary North Dakota office so they can advertise as local.
Working above $4,000 without a North Dakota contractor license is a class A misdemeanor under section 43-07-02. The criminal charge is only part of it. Regardless of whether a person is prosecuted, and in addition to the license fee owed when that person applies, the registrar may assess a civil penalty after written notice of intent, in an amount not to exceed three times the amount set forth in section 43-07-07. Any civil penalty must be assessed and collected before a license is issued, so an unlicensed remodeler who later tries to get legitimate pays the penalty as the price of entry. Then there is the court bar already noted: no claim, action, suit or proceeding in any North Dakota court related to your business or capacity as a contractor. Unlicensed remodelers cannot sue for their money. Chapter 43-07 also creates construction fraud as a distinct offense. A person commits it by receiving payment for a construction project by intentionally using deception as defined in section 12.1-23-10, by receiving payment for materials or supplies and willfully failing to pay the supplier, or by willfully abandoning a project after receiving payment for services or materials. Abandonment is defined on a clock. It arises if the contractor fails substantially to commence agreed work within sixty days of a written start date, or within ninety days of the contract date when no start date was agreed in writing. It also arises if the contractor fails to complete agreed work within ninety days of a written completion date, or within one hundred eighty days of the contract date when none was agreed. Grading runs by the payment received: under $10,000 is a class C felony, more than $10,000 up to $50,000 is a class B felony, and more than $50,000 is a class A felony.
Sourcesndlegis.gov
North Dakota does not operate a contractor recovery fund. There is no pooled consumer guaranty account that pays homeowners when a licensed remodeler takes a deposit and disappears. The state contractor bond requirement in section 43-07-11 was repealed in 1995 and nothing replaced it. What the state offers instead is a complaint process at the Secretary of State with capped remedies, plus consumer fraud enforcement by the Attorney General. Any person may file a verified complaint with the registrar charging a licensee with the acts listed in section 43-07-14. The list is specific and it is the list a remodeler should read as a description of how to stay out of trouble: abandoning a contract without legal excuse after taking a deposit, diverting funds received for one contract to another purpose to defraud creditors or the owner, fraudulent or deceptive acts or misrepresentation injuring one or more persons by more than $3,000, false statements in a license application, engaging in work without a trade or professional license required for that work, and failing to refund an advance payment after a presumption of abandonment has arisen and the customer has asked for the money back. If the registrar finds sufficient facts, it may open an adjudicative proceeding under chapter 28-32. On a finding or admission of guilt the registrar may suspend or revoke the license, order a civil penalty of not more than $1,000, order restitution of not more than $5,000, or impose a lesser sanction. Suspension may run up to sixty months, and no renewal or new license issues until penalties and restitution are paid. Any act on that list may also support an Attorney General action under chapter 51-15, the consumer fraud chapter, against a licensee or an unlicensed person.
Sourcesndlegis.gov
This is the rule most North Dakota remodelers get wrong, and it is the one that voids contracts. Chapter 51-18 regulates home solicitation sales, which it calls personal solicitation sales. A personal solicitation sale is a sale, lease or rental of consumer goods or services where the seller or the seller's representative solicits the sale by telephone or in person and the buyer's agreement or offer to purchase is made somewhere other than the seller's place of business and handed to the seller there. A kitchen remodel sold at the customer's dining room table is a personal solicitation sale. The chapter carves out transactions made pursuant to prior negotiations between the parties at a business establishment at a fixed location where goods or services are offered or exhibited, so a job the homeowner negotiated in your showroom sits outside it. The buyer may cancel until midnight of the third business day after the day the buyer signs an agreement that complies with the chapter. A buyer sixty-five years of age or older may cancel a sale of a product with a purchase price greater than $50 until midnight of the fifteenth business day. The seller must also orally inform the buyer of the right to cancel at the time the transaction is entered into. Cancellation happens when the buyer gives written notice to the address or electronic mail address the seller specified, by delivery, mail or email, and any notice showing the intention not to be bound is effective. Sales below $25 in purchase price are excepted. Any waiver of the chapter is unenforceable and void, so a clause in your contract giving up the cancellation right accomplishes nothing.
Sourcesndlegis.gov
Chapter 51-18 does not merely give the buyer a cancellation right. It makes your agreement unenforceable if the paperwork is wrong. No agreement of the buyer in a personal solicitation sale is enforceable unless it is in writing, dated, signed by the buyer, and carries a conspicuous notice in substantially the form the statute sets out. That notice tells the buyer not to sign with blank spaces left in the agreed terms, states that the buyer is entitled to a copy at signing, states the right to pay off the unpaid balance early with a rebate of unearned finance and insurance charges, states the cancellation right through midnight of the third business day, and states that the seller cannot enter the premises unlawfully or breach the peace to repossess goods. A completed Notice of Cancellation form must be attached in duplicate. The statute prints its wording, including the seller's name, place of business address and email address, the date of the transaction, the deadline date, and a buyer acknowledgment of having received oral notice of the cancellation right. Where the buyer is sixty-five or older and the purchase price exceeds $50, the agreement must either state the fifteen business day cancellation right or conspicuously offer a full refund on contact within at least thirty days. Section 43-07-26 adds a separate written notice. Before undertaking any nonemergency repair or suing for breach of warranty on a one-family or two-family dwelling, or on an improvement worth more than $2,000 to a dwelling, the owner must give the contractor written notice by mail within six months of learning of the defect. The contractor must give the owner written notice of that requirement at closing or at completion of the improvement. The Attorney General tells homeowners the contract should carry your business information and license number.
A second state license catches remodelers who are not permanent in the place they are selling. Chapter 51-04 requires a transient merchant license from the Attorney General, and the definition of transient merchant names building work directly: any person who engages in or transacts any temporary or transient business in the state, either in one locality or traveling from place to place, selling or soliciting orders for future delivery of goods, wares, merchandise, personal property and personal services including spraying, trimming or pruning of trees and shrubs, painting or repairing buildings or structures, pest or rodent control, and taking photographs, and who does not intend to become and does not become a permanent merchant of that place. The Attorney General tells homeowners plainly that any contractor or service provider not originally from the local area must also hold a transient merchant license, and points them at the published list of licensees. The fee is $200, paid to the Attorney General. The applicant must also give a surety bond, or cash in lieu, of not less than $1,000 and not more than $50,000, written by a surety authorized in North Dakota and approved by the Attorney General. A license is valid in all counties and expires one year after issuance. The licensee must keep the license in immediate possession while working and display it on request to a court, law enforcement official, peace officer or consumer. Section 51-04-08 excepts sales made by a person who holds a North Dakota sales or use tax permit, pays unemployment contributions to Job Service North Dakota and has reported to Workforce Safety and Insurance. An established North Dakota remodeler meeting all three is outside the chapter. Cities may add their own transient merchant regulation and a per diem fee not exceeding $25.
North Dakota's display rule is narrower than the advertising rules some states impose, and it is easy to satisfy. Section 43-07-24 requires that when applying for a building permit, a contractor shall supply the permit issuing official that contractor's license number, and the official shall enter the number on the permit. The same section reaches owner builders: a person doing general contractor work on their own property, even when exempt from licensing, must supply the permit issuing official the license number of each subcontractor engaged on the project and doing work covered by the permit, as soon as available, and the official enters each number before inspection. Chapter 43-07 does not require your license number on vehicles, yard signs, websites or print advertising, and it does not set a penalty for leaving it off an advertisement. What the chapter does prohibit is misrepresentation. Section 43-07-14 makes fraudulent or deceptive acts, practices or misrepresentation as a contractor a ground for discipline where one or more persons is injured in a total amount exceeding $3,000, and section 43-07-04.1 lets the registrar act on dishonest conduct the registrar finds injurious to the public. Calling yourself licensed when you are not, or advertising a class of work above your license class, lives there. Public bidding has a hard document rule. Under section 43-07-12 all bids and proposals for a public contract project must contain a copy of the license or current contractor year certificate, enclosed in the required bid bond envelope. You must hold the license at least ten days before the bid date to be a qualified bidder, and a bid submitted without the copy properly enclosed may not be read or considered and must be returned. The Attorney General advises homeowners to expect your license number on the contract itself.
North Dakota keeps a public contractor search. The Secretary of State runs it through the FirstStop portal at firststop.sos.nd.gov/search/contractor, and the agency describes it as a way to search contractors registered in North Dakota and see whether a license is in good standing. Section 43-07-13 backs it up with a right of inspection: the registrar keeps a complete indexed record of applications, licenses, current year certificates, revocations and expirations, open to public inspection during office hours. Section 43-07-25 requires the registrar, on request, to give city and county enforcement officials a list of licensed contractors. Two things follow for a remodeler. First, your record is the sales asset, so keep the name on your license identical to the name on your bids, your truck and your website, because a customer who searches a slightly different name finds nothing. Second, expect to be checked. The City of Fargo tells homeowners asking how to select a contractor to make sure they hire a licensed contractor and to visit the Secretary of State website to find out whether a contractor is licensed. Cities add permits rather than licenses. Fargo requires permits for any new construction, addition, remodeling project or structural alteration, as well as mechanical, electrical and plumbing projects, and for work involving sheetrock, siding, stairs or a deck. Fargo does not require permits for finish work such as new cabinets, for painting, for replacing or covering shingles, or for flatwork like patios. Applications run through the city license and permit portal. West Fargo requires permits for additions, decks, porches, finishing basements, replacing doors and windows of different sizes, interior renovations or repairs that include structural modifications, demolition, accessory structures and residing, with separate plumbing and electrical permits.
Sourcesfirststop.sos.nd.gov 1sos.nd.gov 2fargond.gov 3fargond.gov 4westfargond.gov 5westfargond.gov 6
The contractor license from the Secretary of State does not cover the regulated trades inside a remodel. The agency says so directly: specialized licenses and permits are not part of the contractor license it issues, and it names licenses from the North Dakota State Electrical Board, the North Dakota State Plumbing Board, asbestos abatement licensing from the Department of Environmental Quality, and the transient merchant license from the Attorney General. The State Electrical Board examines applicants, issues licenses to those with the necessary qualifications and knowledge of the laws of electricity and electrical codes, and holds jurisdiction over all electrical installations in the state. The State Plumbing Board licenses plumbers plus sewer and water and water conditioning work, runs exams at locations around the state, and publishes its own license lookup. A remodeler who is not personally licensed in those trades hires someone who is, and remembers that a sub taking more than $4,000 of the job also needs a contractor license. Older housing brings a federal layer the state explains. The Department of Environmental Quality summarizes the Environmental Protection Agency's Pre-Renovation Education program and Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule. Many homes and apartments built before 1978 have lead paint. Contractors must give property owners and tenants the Renovate Right pamphlet before renovating or repairing pre-1978 housing, and under the RRP rule contractors must be certified and follow lead-safe work practices. DEQ lists an EPA-approved training provider in Grand Forks. Cities layer asbestos paperwork onto demolition. West Fargo publishes asbestos information and forms alongside its residential remodeling guidelines, and demolition work there needs a permit.
Sourcessos.nd.gov 1ndseb.com 2ndplumbingboard.gov 3deq.nd.gov 4westfargond.gov 5
These are common details other guides publish about North Dakota, but we could not verify them from the agency source. Confirm them directly before relying on them.
It depends on price, not scope. Chapter 43-07 requires a contractor license once the cost, value or price per job exceeds $4,000. A bathroom remodel priced above that needs a license from the Secretary of State. One priced at $4,000 or under does not. Most full bathroom remodels clear the threshold easily.
Choose by your largest single contract. Class D caps one project at $100,000, class C at $300,000, class B at $500,000, and class A has no cap. A company doing kitchens and basements usually fits class D. The initial fee is $100 for class D and $450 for class A.
No. Chapter 43-07 sets no exam, no required coursework and no minimum years in the trade for the contractor license. You submit an application under oath containing a statement of your experience and qualifications as a contractor, a certificate of liability insurance, and a Workforce Safety and Insurance statement. Electrical and plumbing licenses do involve exams.
Every license runs on the contractor year, March second through March first, regardless of when you were first licensed. Your renewal application is due before March second each year. A license first issued in January or February stays valid until March first of the following year, so a new licensee gets a longer first term.
Miss March first and your license is not in good standing, and you are deemed unlicensed under section 43-07-02. The registrar must notify you by mail within sixty days. You then have until June first to renew by paying a $50 penalty fee plus the renewal fee and filing the application. After June first the license is expired.
Not for the state contractor license. The bond requirement in section 43-07-11 was repealed in 1995 and nothing replaced it. A transient merchant license from the Attorney General does require a bond of not less than $1,000 and not more than $50,000. Public project bidding has its own bonding set by the awarding body.
Chapter 43-07 does not require that. The display rule it does set is section 43-07-24: when applying for a building permit you supply the permit issuing official your license number, and the official enters it on the permit. The Attorney General separately advises homeowners that your license number should appear on the contract.
Often yes. Under chapter 51-18 a buyer may cancel a personal solicitation sale until midnight of the third business day after signing a complying agreement. A buyer sixty-five or older may cancel until midnight of the fifteenth business day on a product priced above $50. You must also state the cancellation right out loud at signing.
North Dakota has no contractor recovery fund. A homeowner files a verified complaint with the Secretary of State under section 43-07-14. On a finding of guilt the registrar may revoke or suspend the license, order a civil penalty of not more than $1,000, and order restitution of not more than $5,000. The Attorney General may also act.
Yes, whenever a sub's own piece of the work exceeds $4,000. Chapter 43-07 defines contractor to include subcontractor, so your license does not cover them. Section 43-07-14 also makes engaging in work without a trade or professional license required for that work a ground for discipline against you.
No. Chapter 43-07 contains no reciprocity provision, so an out-of-state remodeler applies on the same terms as a resident. Nonresident applicants also appoint the registrar as agent for service of process, unless their registered foreign entity already has a current registered agent on file with the Secretary of State.
It is a separate Attorney General license for temporary or traveling businesses, and chapter 51-04 names painting or repairing buildings. The fee is $200 plus a bond. Section 51-04-08 excepts a seller holding a North Dakota sales or use tax permit who pays Job Service unemployment contributions and has reported to Workforce Safety and Insurance.
We can review the local market, your current search visibility, and paid-search fit before recommending any marketing work.